This mean variation can be found by averaging the small scale fading over a few to many wavelengths.
Recall the fast multpath (or small scale) fading occurs in fractions of a wavelength while the
large scale (or slow) fading occurs over a few to many wavelengths.
The log-normal shadowing is expressed as
(3.82) p(x)
1
s22p
# e
(x xm)2
2s
2
156 CHAPTER THREE
Path Loss Comparison
??“130
??“120
??“110
??“100
??“90
??“80
??“70
??“60
??“50
1000 10000 100000
Distance (meters)
Path Loss (dB)
Open Area
Suburban
Philadelphia
San Francisco
Tokyo
Free Space
Dhaka
FIGURE 3.49 Macrocell path loss summary.
These results show the macrocell path loss
of Bangkok was similar to San Francisco, CA
with Newark, N.J. being not far behind.
Next additional results were provided, these
results show San Francisco, CA has a macrocell
path loss that is close to Philadelphia, PA.
Tokyo, Japan had the worse path loss from this
group (see Fig. 3.49).
Next we list the distance exponent for
various cities used in this comparison (see
Table 3.5).
TABLE 3.5 Path Loss Exponent Comparison
Location Path loss exponent
Open 4.35
Suburban 3.84
Newark, NJ 4.31
Philadelphia, PA 3.68
NYC 4.8
Tokyo, Japan 3.
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