, 2005). The idea
of using reinforcement learning during on-the-fly (or online) testing is discussed
in Veanes et al. (2006). The relation between IOCO and refinement of interface
automata is briefly discussed in Veanes et al. (2005). The declarative view of the
conformance relation in Section 16.1.1 when the IUT accepts all inputs is closely
related to IOCO, whereas the operational view discussed in the same section is
closely related to refinement of interface automata. The use of games for testing is
pioneered in Alur et al. (1995). A recent overview of using games in testing is given
in Yannakakis (2004). The main emphasis of Chapter 16 is on on-the-fly testing,
offline test generation for nondeterministic systems, and related work is discussed
in Nachmanson et al. (2004) and Blass et al. (2005). The view of testing as a game
is also related to Markov decision processeses (Puterman, 1994; Filar and Vrieze,
1996). On-the-fly testing of real-time embedded systems using model checking
theory has been implemented in the Uppaal-Tron tool (Larsen et al., 2005).
The multiplexing technique discussed in Section 16.6.1 is based on Campbell
et al. (2005b). The inadequacy of using fully sequential time as a way to understand
the runs of a distributed system was first discussed in Lamport (1978). The view
presented in Campbell et al. (2005b) is consistent with Lamport??™s formulation of
partially ordered distributed runs.
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